Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathway: Biological Functions and Therapeutic Targets

Cancer progression is often driven by aberrant cell growth and genetic mutations, leading to metastasis. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway, a key regulator of cellular growth and differentiation, exhibits dual roles in cancer by initially acting as a tumor suppressor and later promoting tumor progression and metastasis. Natural compounds, recognized for their diverse bioactivities and low toxicity, have shown potential in targeting cancer-related pathways, including TGF-β signaling. This review examines the therapeutic potential of natural products in modulating TGF-β signaling and their anticancer effects across various cancer types. We evaluated relevant preclinical and clinical studies assessing the impact of natural products on TGF-β modulation and cancer progression. Natural compounds from sources such as plants impact TGF-β signaling, influencing processes like cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Key compounds reviewed include ginsenosides, halofuginone, and epigallocatechin gallate, demonstrating significant anticancer activity via TGF-β pathway modulation. These findings suggest natural products may serve as complementary therapies in cancer treatment by targeting TGF-β signaling, potentially improving patient outcomes. Continued research and clinical evaluation are necessary to integrate these compounds into conventional cancer therapies, aiming to offer safer, cost-effective options that enhance quality of life.