Tissue engineering with bionanomaterials: A new frontier

Background Bionanomaterials (BNMs) have emerged as pivotal tools in tissue engineering (TE), leveraging their nanoscale properties to mimic natural extracellular matrices (ECMs) and enhance regenerative outcomes. Their biocompatibility, tunability, and natural or synthetic origins position them as ideal candidates for advancing phytomedicine-inspired therapies. Purpose This review evaluates the role of BNMs in tissue engineering, emphasizing their alignment with natural therapeutic strategies and their potential to address unmet clinical needs in regenerative medicine. Study design A comprehensive analysis of BNMs’ design principles, bioactive functionalities, and applications across tissue-specific regeneration, with a focus on natural material sources relevant to phytomedicine. Results Demonstrated efficacy in regenerating bone (nanohydroxyapatite composites), cartilage (chitosan-based scaffolds), skin (alginate nanofibers), and neural/vascular tissues (conductive nanomaterials). BNMs possess various advantages, such as enhanced structural support, targeted bioactivity, and reduced immunogenicity, compared to conventional materials. However, it presents some challenges, including long-term biocompatibility, scalability of natural material production, and regulatory barriers to clinical translation. Conclusion BNMs represent a transformative paradigm in tissue engineering, synergizing with phytomedicine principles to enable natural, high-precision regenerative therapies. Their ability to integrate bioactive phytocompounds and mimic ECM architecture offers novel pathways for personalized treatments. Future efforts must prioritize resolving biocompatibility concerns and standardizing natural material production to accelerate clinical adoption.