Exploring gene-activity interplay in cardiovascular disease: is feasible to mitigate genetic risk through physical activity?

Genetic factors can influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk through multiple behavioural and physiological mechanisms, including lipid metabolism, blood pressure regulation, and inflammatory responses. The present narrative review examines the impact of physical activity on the relationship between genetic susceptibility and CVD risk. Specifically, we synthesize evidence regarding gene-physical activity interplay and whether individuals with a genetic predisposition for CVD benefit more from physical activity than individuals with more health-favourable genotypes. Most single-gene studies on gene-physical activity interactions have shown that physical activity can significantly reduce CVD risk also in individuals with high genetic predisposition for CVD. Those with higher genetic risk may experience more substantial benefits from physical activity than those with lower genetic risk. Additionally, genetics may play a role in how people respond to exercise and why some people find it harder to adopt a healthy lifestyle. The evidence showed the central role of physical activity in reducing the CVD risk across different genetic profiles, highlighting the need for personalized preventive strategies to optimize cardiovascular health.