TY - JOUR
T1 - Global, regional and national burden of dietary iron deficiency from 1990 to 2021
T2 - a Global Burden of Disease study
AU - GBD 2021 Dietary Iron Deficiency Collaborators
AU - Lee, Sooji
AU - Son, Yejun
AU - Hwang, Jiyoung
AU - Kim, Min Seo
AU - McLaughlin, Susan A.
AU - Vilchis-Tella, Victor
AU - Zoeckler, Leo
AU - Perumal, Nandita
AU - Zyoud, Sa’ed H.
AU - Zoghi, Ghazal
AU - Zia, Hafsa
AU - Zhumagaliuly, Abzal
AU - Zhong, Claire Chenwen
AU - Zhang, Liqun
AU - Zhang, Haijun
AU - Zeru, Naod Gebrekrstos
AU - Zeariya, Mohammed G.M.
AU - Zare, Iman
AU - Zamora, Nelson
AU - Zaman, Burhan Abdullah
AU - Yu, Chuanhua
AU - Yonemoto, Naohiro
AU - Yin, Dehui
AU - Yigezu, Muluken
AU - Yesuf, Subah Abderehim
AU - Yaya, Sanni
AU - Yarahmadi, Amir
AU - Yadav, Vikas
AU - Xu, Xiaoyue
AU - Wubie, Yihun Miskir
AU - Woday, Abay Tadesse
AU - Willeit, Peter
AU - Wild, Holly
AU - Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan
AU - Wang, Yanzhong
AU - Waheed, Yasir
AU - Volovat, Simona Ruxandra
AU - Vinayak, Manish
AU - Vervoort, Dominique
AU - Verras, Georgios Ioannis
AU - Vellingiri, Balachandar
AU - Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
AU - Varghese, Joe
AU - Van den Eynde, Jef
AU - Valizadeh, Rohollah
AU - Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj
AU - Vahdati, Sanaz
AU - Vahabi, Seyed Mohammad
AU - Ushula, Tolassa Wakayo
AU - López-Gil, José Francisco
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. 2025.
PY - 2025/6
Y1 - 2025/6
N2 - Although iron deficiency is well documented, less is known about dietary involvement in symptomatic iron deficiency manifesting in medical conditions. In this study, we quantified the global burden of dietary iron deficiency, focusing on where inadequate dietary iron intake leads to clinical manifestations such as anemia. We analyzed data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 to estimate dietary iron deficiency prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by age, sex, geography and socio-demographic index (SDI) across 204 countries. In 2021, global age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates were 16,434.4 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 16,186.2–16,689.0) and 423.7 (285.3–610.8) per 100,000 population, with rates decreasing by 9.8% (8.1–11.3) and 18.2% (15.4–21.1) from 1990 to 2021. A higher burden was observed in female individual (age-standardized prevalence, 21,334.8 (95% UI, 20,984.8–21,697.4); DALYs, 598.0 (402.6–854.4)) than in male individual ((age-standardized prevalence, 11,684.7 (11,374.6–12,008.8); DALYs, 253.0 (167.3–371.0)). High-SDI countries presented greater improvement, with a 25.7% reduction compared to 11.5% in low-SDI countries. Despite global improvements, dietary iron deficiency remains a major health concern with a global prevalence of 16.7%, particularly affecting female individuals, children and residents in low-SDI countries. Urgent interventions through supplementation, food security measures and fortification initiatives are essential.
AB - Although iron deficiency is well documented, less is known about dietary involvement in symptomatic iron deficiency manifesting in medical conditions. In this study, we quantified the global burden of dietary iron deficiency, focusing on where inadequate dietary iron intake leads to clinical manifestations such as anemia. We analyzed data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 to estimate dietary iron deficiency prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by age, sex, geography and socio-demographic index (SDI) across 204 countries. In 2021, global age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates were 16,434.4 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 16,186.2–16,689.0) and 423.7 (285.3–610.8) per 100,000 population, with rates decreasing by 9.8% (8.1–11.3) and 18.2% (15.4–21.1) from 1990 to 2021. A higher burden was observed in female individual (age-standardized prevalence, 21,334.8 (95% UI, 20,984.8–21,697.4); DALYs, 598.0 (402.6–854.4)) than in male individual ((age-standardized prevalence, 11,684.7 (11,374.6–12,008.8); DALYs, 253.0 (167.3–371.0)). High-SDI countries presented greater improvement, with a 25.7% reduction compared to 11.5% in low-SDI countries. Despite global improvements, dietary iron deficiency remains a major health concern with a global prevalence of 16.7%, particularly affecting female individuals, children and residents in low-SDI countries. Urgent interventions through supplementation, food security measures and fortification initiatives are essential.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105008398095
U2 - 10.1038/s41591-025-03624-8
DO - 10.1038/s41591-025-03624-8
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 40263631
AN - SCOPUS:105008398095
SN - 1078-8956
VL - 31
SP - 1809
EP - 1829
JO - Nature Medicine
JF - Nature Medicine
IS - 6
ER -
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